montmorillonite nanoclay

Montmorillonite: An Introduction to Properties and Utilization ; Freeman, J.H. Plant defense genes are regulated by ethylene. ; Buonaurio, R. PCR-based assay for the detection of. Clay nanoparticles are layered structures and a layer possesses negative charge that is neutralized by many cations [ 2 ]. Montmorillonite Nanoclay and Formulation with Satureja montana Essential Oil as a Tool to Alleviate Xanthomonas euvesicatoria Load on Solanum lycopersicum. TAPPI T 555 om-04 (2004). ; Mushtaq, Z.; Zubair, M. Essential Oils. Stability, Flow, Optimum Bitumen Content and Voids properties were evaluated per Marshall tests. Long, Q.; Xie, Y.; He, Y.; Li, Q.; Zou, X.; Chen, S. Abscisic acid promotes jasmonic acid accumulation and plays a key role in citrus canker development. Montmorillonite Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 47:23312386. Antimicrobial activity of organically modified nanoclays. Nayak: Polym. ; Alvarez, V.A. Price excludes VAT (USA) ; Kim, W.T. ; Mariz-Ponte, N.; Sousa, R.M.O.F. Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed. Stab., vol. Davies, S. Zhang, S.A. Padbury, and C.G. Sci., vol. Biglari Quchan Atigh, Z., Heidari, A., Karimi, A. et al. The various structures of montmorillonite available in nature and their modification for application are discussed. In this study, the nanoclay was extracted from bentonite by the use of centrifugal force. In this study, composite pipe structure was fabricated by choosing E-Glass fiber as reinforcement along with the vinyl ester as the matrix material. However, this reduction was not significant because tear strength depends on inter- and intra-fiber strengths. ; Petter, F.; Pruvost, O.; et al. ; Jones, J.B. Nano-Magnesium oxide: A novel bactericide against copper-tolerant. Base weight, absorption coefficient and light scattering coefficient of paper are the factors affecting the opacity of the paper and the degree of opacity is directly related to these three factors. 2022 Dec 2;8(12):e11937. British Geology Survey. 2022; 3(3):126-142. Advances in Computer Methods and Geomechanics pp 112Cite as, Part of the Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering book series (LNCE,volume 56). ; Achilias, D.S. montmorillonite and halloysite on tensile properties and peel strength of epoxy clay nanocomposite powder coating. He, Y.; Fei, X.; Li, H. Carboxymethyl cellulose-based nanocomposites reinforced with montmorillonite and -poly-l-lysine for antimicrobial active food packaging. Nanoclay, surface modified contains 25-30 wt. Song, D., Dong, C., Ragauskas, A., and Deng, Y. The modification of bitumen was prepared using VG-30 grade bitumen with different percentages of NC by weight of bitumen (3% to 6%). Heliyon. Bentonite; Cost analysis; Montmorillonite; Nanoclay; Purification. The results revealed that NMT was the only treatment capable of significantly (, The hydrogen peroxide did not show significant changes when the treatments were applied either to the uninfected tomato shoots (, The MDA content of tomato shoots significantly (, The validated HPLCDAD method was applied to determine the phytohormone profile in the tomato shoots subjected to the different conditions. The Mineral Montmorillonite, Amethyst Galleries Inc., 2006, Home Page: www.mineral.galleries.com, accessed July, 2007. 2). The quantification of the pathogen showed that Xeu was present in all inoculated experimental conditions. Among the three selected nanoclays, pure montmorillonite with Na inorganic group, which has an intermediate hydrophilic property and middle layer gap, showed the most obvious effect on . Montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay reinforced chitin-cellulose nanocomposite is a biodegradable polymer that has potential as a food packaging material. "Montmorillonite Nanoclay and Formulation with Satureja montana Essential Oil as a Tool to Alleviate Xanthomonas euvesicatoria Load on Solanum lycopersicum" Applied Nano 3, no. In this study, it was synthesized using 1. ; Thompson, I.P. Keywords: VOCs; bitumen; crumb rubber; inhibition; organic montmorillonite. ; Osajima, J.A. Jones, J.B.; Zitter, T.A. This is a preview of subscription content, access via Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Uddin, F. Clays, Nanoclays, and Montmorillonite Minerals. ; Alves, E.; Pereira, R.B. Google Scholar, Bananezhad B, Islami MR, Ghonchepour E, Mostafavi H, Tikdari AM, Rafiei HR (2019) Bentonite clay as an efficient substrate for the synthesis of the super stable and recoverable magnetic nanocomposite of palladium (Fe3O4/Bentonite-Pd). Commission Decision of 12 August 2002 implementing Council Directive 96/23/EC concerning the performance of analytical methods and the interpretation of results. Eberi: AccessScience@McGraw-Hill, Home Page: www.accessscience.com, DOI 10.1036/1097-8542.139900. The nanoclay particles were very small. de Lima: Curr. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.08.001, Yadav VB, Gadi R, Kalra S (2018) Synthesis and characterization of novel nanocomposite using kaolinite and carbon nanotubes. ; Valera-Zaragoza, M.; Lozano-Ramrez, T.; Rodriguz-Gonzlez, J.A. Technol., vol. ; Santos, C. Hanif, M.A. Eng. https://doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2018.5364, Calabi-Floody M, Bendall JS, Jara AA, Welland ME, Theng BKG, Rumpel C, Mora M d l L (2011) Nanoclays from an Andisol: extraction, properties, and carbon stabilization. ; Lin, C.H. By comparison of Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) results with IUPAC, it can be realized that the synthesized montmorillonite nanoclay has a microporous structure (< 2 nm) with a surface area of 11.325 m2 g-1. Montmorillonite nanoclay-based self-healing coatings on AA 2024-T4 J Water Chem Technol 40:320326. Lai, Y.R. ; tomato shoot culture, P.R.O.-P., supported by N.M.-P.; hormone quantification, P.R.O.-P., R.L.G. 9, 2007), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, Nanocor Technical, FAQ, 3, Nanocor Inc., IL, Anon. Harris: Fire Mater., vol. An attempt is made to review the origin of using clays when nanotechnology did not exist, coupled with the effects of montmorillonite-based nanoclays on commercially known polymers. Nanoclays have various applications in many fields, including problematic soil treatment, pharmacy, medicine, catalysis, cosmetics, food packaging, and textile industry. ; Strayer-Scherer, A.L. Increasing nanoclay up to 10% decreased the tensile strength, tear strength, burst strength, roughness, and brightness by 14.8%, 11.6%, 24.3%, 6.9%, and 15.7%, respectively. 2022. Apart . Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. Silicate plates of nanoclay are impermeable to air, and they make the air resistance pathways long and sinuous. Moreover, other treatments (formulation/EO-water emulsion) may act as defense elicitors, enhancing the production of ROS and upregulating the hormone and phenylpropanoid pathways in the uninfected shoots. Minerals 7:49. https://doi.org/10.3390/min7040049, Leal CA, Brunet MNC, Amorim LV, Lira HL, Nogueira FCC, Costa WRP (2019) Influence of reactivity and mineralogical composition on instability due to the disintegration of shales from Paraba and Cear States, Brazil. Melatonin promotes carotenoid biosynthesis in an ethylene-dependent manner in tomato fruits. your institution, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115719, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2019.01.054, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.12.013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2018.12.002, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.10.031, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.109, https://doi.org/10.3103/S1063455X18060024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.06.012, https://doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132019653752630, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(03)00390-5, https://doi.org/10.4028/scientific5/AMR.454.237, https://doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132020663772695, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-019-02699-x, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2020.105491, https://doi.org/10.1590/S1981-67232012005000014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2010.05.011, https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.ijcm.25.3.557, https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2017.1421845, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.08.001, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.120. Lastly, in addition to its good absorption and deep cleaning properties . PMC citri and Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. 45 (7), p. 889, M. McAlpine, N.E. ; de Carvalho, M.S. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. Transgenic resistance confers effective field level control of bacterial spot disease in tomato. ; Vallad, G.E. 93541, DOI:10.1021/ma7020216, MiniEncyclopedia of Papermaking, Wet-End Chemistry, Home Page: www.4.ncsu.edu, accessed July 16, 2007, Particle Size, Home Page: www.answers.com, accessed July 9, 2007, Nanocor, Technical Data, General Information about Nanocore Nanoclay, G-100 (12/04), Nanocor Inc., IL, Closite Lee, Y.S. Nano Lett 14:688693. The Optimal Concentration of Nanoclay Hydrotalcite for Recovery of Reactive and Direct Textile Colorants. J Mater Sci Mater Med. An increased consumption is indicated by the wider applications of clay nanocomposites approaching to almost one-quarter (24pct) in 2005 of the total nanocomposites used. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2017.1421845, Wu H, Xie H, He G, Guan Y, Zhang Y (2016) Effects of the pH and anions on the adsorption of tetracycline on iron-montmorillonite. 5th Int. Sun, Q.; Liu, L.; Zhang, L.; Lv, H.; He, Q.; Guo, L.; Zhang, X.; He, H.; Ren, S.; Zhang, N.; et al. Alhamami M, Doan H, Cheng CH (2014) A review on breathing behaviors of metal-organic-frameworks (MOFs) for gas adsorption. Forming handsheets for physical tests of pulp, TAPPI Press, Atlanta, GA, USA. 12 and 15, M.A. (2008). There was a positive correlation between the percentage of nanoclay and the paper air resistance (R2 = 0.986). volume39,pages 28042814 (2008)Cite this article. MDPI and/or As a result, the tear index decline is negligible, which is similar to the results obtained by Lindstrm et al. X-ray spectra neat nanoclay (100 wt%), 2 wt%, 4 wt%, 6 wt%, 8 wt%, and 10 wt% of nanoclay. Keywords: As the nanoclay values ranged from neat nanoclay (100 wt%), 2 wt% to 10 wt%, the peak angle at 2 first decreased and then increased. J.W. on Precision Agriculture, P.C. the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, A. McWilliams: Nanocomposites, Nanoparticles, Nanoclays, and Nanotubes, June 2006, Research Report No. Baki MH, Shemirani F, Khani R, Bayat M (2014) Applicability of diclofenacmontmorillonite as a selective sorbent for adsorption of palladium (II); kinetic and thermodynamic studies. TAPPI T 248 sp-00 (2000). PTDC/BAAAGR/31131/2017, Acronym EOIS-CropProt). DOI: 10.15376/biores.11.2.4990-5002, Lindstrm, T., Banke, K., Larsson, T., Glad-Nordmark, G., and Boldizar, A. Montmorillonite nanoclay based formulation for controlled and selective release of volatile essential oil compounds KamalEssifia AbdourahimHammanib DohaBerraaouana AliEl Bachiria Marie-LaureFauconnierc AbdesselamTahania https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.125569 Get rights and content ; Gruov, D.; Baranov, B.; Caputo, L.; De Martino, L.; Sedlk, V.; Camele, I.; De Feo, V. Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of essential oil extracted from, Della Pepa, T.; Elshafie, H.S. Three different types of surfactants (cationic, nonionic, and anionic) were chosen in the current study to evaluate their effect on the exfoliation process of highly expansive Bentonite soil. future research directions and describes possible research applications. % octadecylamine; Synonyms: Nanomer I.30E,Nanomer clay,Montmorillonite clay; find Sigma-Aldrich-682616 MSDS, related peer-reviewed papers, technical documents, similar products & more at Sigma-Aldrich m/g. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Chaudhary, R. Prasa, R.K. Gupta, and S.N. These results were similar to those of Hagemeyer (1997). Tun, S.; Duman, S. Preparation of active antimicrobial methyl cellulose/carvacrol/montmorillonite nanocomposite films and investigation of carvacrol release. 1 nm in thickness) consists of stacked layers, and each layer is composed of two O Si O tetrahedral sheets sandwiching one O Al (Mg) O octahedral sheet (ca. 99 (5), p. 2614, S. Lao, W. Ho, K. Ngyuen, J. Cheng, J.H. 2009). When light mineral particles refract light, greater opacity and opaque fillers are observed (Nazeri 2007). Sep Purif Technol 228:115719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115719, Article Purification and economic analysis of nanoclay from bentonite. Montmorillonite | mineral | Britannica This phenomenon was attributed to the location of fillers among fibers and the reduction of bonds between fibers, because common fillers cannot create strong bonds with cellulose fibers. Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. Montmorillonite nanoclay was introduced as an asphalt modifier to prepare 5 dense-graded blends. ; Huang, Y.; Carvalho, R.; Choudhary, M.; Da Silva, S.; Colee, J.; Huerta, A.; Vallad, G.E. Appl Clay Sci 116-117:193201, Morais ICG, Silva IA, Buriti BMB, Fernandes JV, Silva DS, Neves GA, Ferreira HS (2020) Influence of the additivation process on cation exchange capacity and viscosity of bentonitic clay dispersions. 70, p. 15, Article Eng. ; Creswell, T.; Ruhl, G.; Maynard, E.; Marchino, C. Distribution and characterization of, Rojas, M.; Pea, M.; Pea-Vera, M.J.; Sulbaran, M.; Perez, E.; Velasquez, C.L. 2020 Jun;111:110773. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110773. CMP paper surfaces: (a) 0%, (b) 2%, (c) 4%, (d) 6%, (e) 8%, and (f) 10% of nanoclay. In doing so, montmorillonite clay may also help to temporarily diminish the appearance of pores. Nano Lett 14:688693. [, To assess the expression levels of the shoots, 100 mg of powdered tissue was used for total RNA extraction, with NZYol (NZYTech. 41 (3), pp. This research was funded by the European Investment Funds through the COMPETE 2020Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalization (POCI) and National Funds by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) (02/SAICT/2017, Ref. Cation Exchange Capacity, Agronomy Fact Sheet Series (Fact Sheet 22), Cornell University Cooperative Extension, Home Page: www.css.cornell.edu, accessed Jan. 31, 2008, S. Kincheloe: Efficient Fertilizer Use: The Soil Defined, Home Page: www.agcental.com, accessed Jan. 29, 2008, Anon. permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. Brightness changes in the CMP papers with the addition of different levels of nanoclay are shown in Table 4. Comptes Rendus Chimie, Second International Symposium Clays and Ceramics for Environmental Applications 22:188197. Nelson: Polym. Montmorillonite is a very soft phyllosilicate group of minerals that form when they precipitate from water solution as microscopic crystals, known as clay. Nanoclay particles, as mineral fillers, weaken inter-fiber bonds. FOIA Nano Minerals: Nanoclays - MilliporeSigma Because the nanoclay particles were very small, they reduced the tensile strength, tear strength, burst strength, and roughness. Bananezhad B, Islami MR, Ghonchepour E, Mostafavi H, Tikdari AM, Rafiei HR (2019) Bentonite clay as an efficient substrate for the synthesis of the super stable and recoverable magnetic nanocomposite of palladium (Fe3O4/Bentonite-Pd). Exfoliation and Extraction of Nanoclay from Montmorillonite Mineral Rich Bentonite Soil. Kandola, P.J. This is a preview of subscription content, access via https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0890-5_1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0890-5_1, eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2019.01.054, Barakan S, Aghazadeh V (2019) Separation and characterization of montmorillonite from low-grade natural bentonite: using a non-destructive method. Appl Clay Sci 155:3036, Yadav VB, Gadi R, Kalra S (2019) Clay-based nanocomposites for removal of heavy metals from water: a review. Compos., vol. CAS ; Jones, J.B.; et al. Correspondence to * Corresponding authors a Laboratoire Eau, Environnement, et Dveloppement Durable (2E2D), Facult de Technologies, Dpartement de Gnie des Procds, Universit Sad Dahlab Blida 1, Route de Souma, B. P. 270, Blida 09000, Algeria ; Nisar, S.; Khan, G.S. Hubbe, M. A. Increased nanoclay additions led to a distribution of floc, creation of coarser floc, and reduction of tear strength. Enhancing cinnamon essential oil activity by nanoparticle encapsulation to control seed pathogens. ; Fernandes-Ferreira, M.; Sousa, R.M.O.F. Next, organic montmorillonite (Mt) nanoclay was added into CRMB binder and its inhibiting effect on the VOCs emission of the binder was investigated. Water Sci Technol. Oliveira-Pinto, P.R. 1115, Issaabadi Z, Nasrollahzadeh M, Sajadi SM (2017) Green synthesis of the copper nanoparticles supported on bentonite and investigation of its catalytic activity. 928 and 932, Y. Zhang, D. Janes, Y. Zheng, M. Hetzer, and D. De Kee: Polym. Horvath, D.M. Liao, Y.Y. J., Aug. 2005, Home Page: www.allbnsint.com, S. Nazare, B.K. ; Prange, R.K. (PDF) Esterification of phenyl acetic acid with p -cresol using metal Exfoliation and Extraction of Nanoclay from Montmorillonite Mineral Polym. Financial support from IIT Gandhinagar is gratefully acknowledged. : Clay Minerals, Home Page: www.jan.ucc.nau.edu, assessed Jan. 31, 2008, Anon. J Electroanal Chem 558:155165. One parameter affecting tear strength was the fiber length. 88 (1), p. 3, M. Lewin, E.M. Pearce, K. Levon, A. Mey-Marom, M. Zammarano, C.A. Angew Chem Int Ed 49:59495952. Careers. Google Scholar, Awad AM, Shaikh SMR, Jalab R, Gulied MH, Nasser MS, Benamor A, Adham S (2019) Adsorption of organic pollutants by natural and modified clays: a comprehensive review. ; Jacques, M.A. There was a positive correlation between the percentage of nanoclay and paper yellowness (R2 = 0.989). Appl Clay Sci 83:203209, Laske S (ed) (2015) Polymer nanoclay composites. Moreover, there was a negative correlation between the percentage of nanoclay and the paper burst strength (R2 = 0.933). Increasing the nanoclay level up to 10% substantially covered the surfaces of the fibers; the paper surface was fully filled, with very few visible pores. Synergic antimicrobial properties of Carvacrol essential oil and montmorillonite in biodegradable starch films. Google Scholar, Y. Rao and T.N. ; Ozcan, A.; Mendis, H.C.; Young, M.; Myers, M.E. Materials 7:31983250. Correspondence to Effects of montmorillonite clay on mechanical and morphological properties of papers made with cationic starch and neutral sulfite semichemical or old corrugated container pulps,BioResources11(2), 4990-5002. Overall, the Mt nanoclay can be used as an effective modifier to inhibit the VOCs emission of CRMB binder. Montmorillonite with essential oils as antimicrobial agents, packaging, repellents, and insecticides: An overview. https://doi.org/10.3390/applnano3030009, Oliveira-Pinto PR, Mariz-Ponte N, Gil RL, Cunha E, Amorim CG, Montenegro MCBSM, Fernandes-Ferreira M, Sousa RMOF, Santos C. Koo, L. Pilato, and G. Wissler: 37th ISTC Conf., Seattle, WA, Oct. 31Nov. Different metal cation. https://doi.org/10.3390/applnano3030009, Oliveira-Pinto, Paulo R., Nuno Mariz-Ponte, Renato L. Gil, Edite Cunha, Clia G. Amorim, Maria C. B. S. M. Montenegro, Manuel Fernandes-Ferreira, Rose M. O. F. Sousa, and Conceio Santos. Formulas with montmorillonite clay can help remove impurities from the skin's surface by expanding facial pores and extracting the debris trapped within the skin. : Cation Exchange Capacity, Home Page: www.en.wikipedia.org, accessed Jan. 29, 2008, N.J. Hartstock, T.G. Nanoclay of the particle size range of 10-15 nm is successfully exfoliated from montmorillonite sheet structure by the chemical interaction between cationic surfactant and Bentonite soil. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1063455X18060024, Khedr MH, Omar AA, Abdel-Moaty SA (2006) Reduction of carbon dioxide into carbon by freshly reduced CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. Springer, Singapore, pp 3555, Saba N, Jawaid M, Asim M (2016) Recent advances in nanoclay/natural fibers hybrid composites. Horvth, E.; Csiszr, J.; Gall, .; Por, P.; Szepesi, .; Tari, I. Improving the thiobarbituric acid-reactive-substances assay for estimating lipid peroxidation in plant tissues containing anthocyanin and other interfering compounds. Logsdon, D.A. Tsagkalias, I.S. ; Torres, A.; Tavares, F.; Ribeiro, A.; Cavaco-Paulo, A.; Fernandes-Ferreira, M.; Santos, C. Mariz-Ponte, N.; Mendes, R.J.; Sario, S.; De Oliveira, J.F. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Montmorillonite Clay Skin Purifying Benefits - L'Oral Paris Environ Technol. 292 (3), p. 302, H. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Wu, L. Zhang, and J. Yang: J. Appl. Polym. Google Scholar, S. Niwas, P.K. Lvdal, T.; Lillo, C. Reference gene selection for quantitative real-time PCR normalization in tomato subjected to nitrogen, cold, and light stress. Sci., vol. 8600 Rockville Pike Patino-Soto, S. Sanchez-Valdes, and L.F. Ramos-deValle: Macromol. Montmorillonite Mineral Data, Excalibur Mineral Company, Home Page: www.webmineral.com, accessed July 10, 2007. Sci., vol. Geoderma 161:159167. Cadena, M.B. https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.ijcm.25.3.557, Wang J, Zhuang S (2017) Removal of various pollutants from water and wastewater by modified chitosan adsorbents. FRC: Pulp and Paper Fundamental Research Symposia Proceedings, BioResources Early Career Investigator Award, Distance Education: Online Masters Degree & Individual Courses. It is sandwiched by two layers of silicon oxygen tetrahedron and aluminum (magnesium) oxygen octahedron, forming a 2:1 layered structure. William Andrew, Mintova S, Jaber M, Valtchev V (2015) Nanosized microporous crystals: emerging applications. The use of cationic starch system nano bentonite on improving the strength properties of the OCC, The First National Conference on Nanotechnology and Its Applications in Agriculture and Natural Resources, Tehran, Iran. Technol., vol. Improvement of Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binder by Adding ; Caputo, L. Antimicrobial and phytotoxic activity of, Kotan, R.; Cakir, A.; Dadasoglu, F.; Aydin, T.; Cakmakci, R.; Ozer, H.; Kordali, S.; Mete, E.; Dikbas, N. Antibacterial activities of essential oils and extracts of Turkish, Kotan, R.; Dadasolu, F.; Karagoz, K.; Cakir, A.; Ozer, H.; Kordali, S.; Cakmakci, R.; Dikbas, N. Antibacterial activity of the essential oil and extracts of. de Souza, A.G.; Dos Santos, N.M.A. ScientificWorldJournal. X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis were employed to illustrate the arrangement, orientation, and conformation of surface-modifying agents . 8, p. 1341, Anon. Asadpour, G., Ghasemian, A., Saraeian, A., and Ghaffari, M. (2008). Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. The most important factors affecting paper tensile strength are the quality and number of fiber-to-fiber bonds. Filler particles increase light scattering due to their empty spaces and affect the opacity (Hubbe 2004). and transmitted securely. ; Snchez-Valdes, S.; Ramrez-Vargas, E.; Guillen, L.; Ramos-deValle, L.F.; Graciano-Verdugo, A.; Uribe-Caldern, J.A. Fig. However, further increasing nanoclay levels increased floc distribution, created coarse floc, and ultimately reduced the strength.